Crude Oil

Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures) have been completed. It is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals.

Light Crude Oil

Properties	Unit	Spec 1	Spec 2	Test Method
Sp. Gr. 15.6/15.6 °C		0.8575	0.8488	ASTM D 5002
API Gravity	°API	33.5	35.21	ASTM D 5002
Sulfur content	%Wt	1.45	1.69	ASTM D 4294
H₂S Content	ppm	61	15	IP 570
Mercaptan Content	ppm	118	243	UOP 163
Nitrogen Content	%Wt	0.18	0.08	ASTM D 5762
Water & Sediment	%Vol	< 0.05	< 0.05	ASTM D 4007
Water Content	%Vol	< 0.025	< 0.025	ASTM D 4006
Salt Content	PTB	9	4	ASTM D 3230
Kinematic Viscosity @10°C	mm²/s	16.51	11.02	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @20°C	mm²/s	10.78	7.51	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @40°C	mm²/s	5.735	4.4	ASTM D 445
Pour Point	°C	-9	-30	ASTM D 5853
RVP	psi	8.15	8.5	ASTM D 3230
Asphaltene Content	%Wt	1.3	1.1	IP 143
Wax Content	%Wt	6.2	6.7	BP 237
Drop Melting Point of Wax	°C	54	52	IP 133
CCR	%Wt	4.24	3.4	ASTM D 189
Total Acid Number	mgKOH/g	0.1	<0.05	UOP 163
Nickel Content	ppm	8	5	ASTM D 5863
Vanadium Content	ppm	41	11	ASTM D 5863
Iron Content	ppm	1	1	ASTM D 5863
Lead Content	ppm	< 1	<1	ASTM D 5863
Sodium Content	ppm	7	3	ASTM D 5863
Zinc Content	ppm	< 1	<1	ASTM D 5863
Copper Content	ppm	< 1	<1	ASTM D 5863

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Heavy Crude Oil

Properties	Unit	Spec 1	Spec 2	Test Method
Sp. Gr. 15.6/15.6 °C		0.875	0.941	ASTM D 5002
API Gravity	°API	30.2	18.87	ASTM D 5002
Sulfur content	%Wt	1.92	3.95	ASTM D 4294
H₂S Content	ppm	121	<1	IP 570
Mercaptan Content	ppm	185	25	UOP 163
Nitrogen Content	%Wt	0.23	0.19	ASTM D 5762
Water & Sediment	%Vol	< 0.05	0.05	ASTM D 4007
Water Content	%Vol	< 0.025	0.05	ASTM D 4006
Salt Content	PTB	10	25	ASTM D 3230
Kinematic Viscosity @10°C	mm²/s	29.07	1610	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @20°C	mm²/s	18.4	607.7	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @40°C	mm²/s	9.218	179.7	ASTM D 445
Pour Point	°C	-12	-27	ASTM D 5853
RVP	psi	6.25	3.5	ASTM D 3230
Asphaltene Content	%Wt	3.4	8.9	IP 143
Wax Content	%Wt	5.7	4.1	BP 237
Drop Melting Point of Wax	°C	55	64	IP 133
CCR	%Wt	6.2	12.4	ASTM D 189
Total Acid Number	mgKOH/g	0.15	0.7	UOP 163
Nickel Content	ppm	14	30	ASTM D 5863
Vanadium Content	ppm	73	116	ASTM D 5863
Iron Content	ppm	<1	2	ASTM D 5863
Lead Content	ppm	<1	<1	ASTM D 5863
Sodium Content	ppm	5	13	ASTM D 5863
Zinc Content	ppm	<1	<1	ASTM D 5863
Copper Content	ppm	<1	<1	ASTM D 5863

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Iraq Light Crude Oil

Properties	Unit	Specification	Test Method
Density at 15°C	kg/L	0.9011	ASTM D 1298
API Gravity at 60f	°API	25.44	ASTM D 287
Water by Distillation	%Vol	0.05	ASTM D 4006
Sediment by Extraction	%Wt	0.015	ASTM D 473
Sulfur	%Wt	3.705	IP336
Pour Point	°C		ASTM D5853
Salt Content	lb/1000bbl	4.6	ASTM D3230
Water KF	%Wt	1053	ASTM D4928
H₂S Content	ppm	0.63	UOP 163
Acidity	mgKOH/g	0.075	ASTM D664
Mercaptan Sulfur	ppm	88.9	ASTM D3227
Kinematic Viscosity at 50°C	cSt	11.5581	ASTM D445
Asphalthenes	%Wt	5.5	IP143
IBP	°C	48	ASTM D86
Distillation at 5%	°C	82	ASTM D86
Distillation at 10%	°C	108	ASTM D86
Distillation at 20%	°C	169	ASTM D86
Distillation at 30%	°C	231	ASTM D86
Distillation at 40%	°C	282	ASTM D86
Distillation at 50%	°C	317	ASTM D86
Distillation at 60%	°C	332	ASTM D86
Distillation at 70%	°C	339	ASTM D86
Distillation at 80%	°C	350	ASTM D86
Distillation at 89%	°C	353	ASTM D86
FBP	°C	355	ASTM D86

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Iraq Heavy Crude Oil Assays

Properties	Unit	T-1A	T-2	T-4	Test Method
Density @15°C	kg/L	0.9097	0.9153	0.9135	ASTM D 5002
Sp. Gr. @ 15.6/15.6°C		0.9102	0.9158	0.914	Conversion
API Gr. @15.6°C	°API	23.96	23.01	23.31	Calculated
Sulfur Content	%Wt	3.34	3.34	3.25	ASTM D 4294
Carbon Residue, Micro	%Wt	7.65	8.31	8.74	ASTM D 4530
Bottom Sediment & Water	%Vol	0.1	1.35	0.6	ASTM D 4007
Salt as NaCl	mg/L	5.04	15	6.3	ASTM D 3230
Ash Content @550°C	%Wt	0.013	0.049	0.012	ASTM D 482
Total Nitrogen	ppm	0.14		0.13	ASTM D 5762-01
Copper	ppm	<1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Iron	ppm	1	1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Nickel	ppm	12	13	12	IP 501 (Mod.)
Vanadium	ppm	36	37	36	IP 501 (Mod.)
Lead	ppm	<1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Chromium	ppm	<1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Zinc	ppm	<1	1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Calcium	ppm	5	63	1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Magnesium	ppm	1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Sodium	ppm	1	5	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Total Acid Number	mgKOH/g	0.302	0.026	0.748	ASTM D 664
Vapor Pressure (DVPE)	kPa	11.2	20.7	6.6	ASTM D 5191
Pour Point (max/Upper)	°C	-39	-24	< -42	ASTM D 5853
Pour Point (min/Upper)	°C	< -42		< -42	ASTM D 5853
Flash Point	°C	< -5	< -5	< -5	ASTM D 93 (Mod.)
Asphaltenes	%Wt	5.2	4.82	5.5	ASTM D 3279
Wax Content	%Wt		0.5	0.7 max	UOP 46
Kinematic Viscosity @26.7°C	cSt	31.03	40.11	31.97	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @37.8°C	cSt	19.32	25.09	19.55	ASTM D 446

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Heavy Crude Oil

Properties	Unit	Spec 1	Spec 2	Test Method
Sp. Gr. 15.6/15.6 °C		0.875	0.941	ASTM D 5002
API Gravity	°API	30.2	18.87	ASTM D 5002
Sulfur content	%Wt	1.92	3.95	ASTM D 4294
H₂S Content	ppm	121	<1	IP 570
Mercaptan Content	ppm	185	25	UOP 163
Nitrogen Content	%Wt	0.23	0.19	ASTM D 5762
Water & Sediment	%Vol	< 0.05	0.05	ASTM D 4007
Water Content	%Vol	< 0.025	0.05	ASTM D 4006
Salt Content	PTB	10	25	ASTM D 3230
Kinematic Viscosity @10°C	mm²/s	29.07	1610	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @20°C	mm²/s	18.4	607.7	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @40°C	mm²/s	9.218	179.7	ASTM D 445
Pour Point	°C	-12	-27	ASTM D 5853
RVP	psi	6.25	3.5	ASTM D 3230
Asphaltene Content	%Wt	3.4	8.9	IP 143
Wax Content	%Wt	5.7	4.1	BP 237
Drop Melting Point of Wax	°C	55	64	IP 133
CCR	%Wt	6.2	12.4	ASTM D 189
Total Acid Number	mgKOH/g	0.15	0.7	UOP 163
Nickel Content	ppm	14	30	ASTM D 5863
Vanadium Content	ppm	73	116	ASTM D 5863
Iron Content	ppm	<1	2	ASTM D 5863
Lead Content	ppm	<1	<1	ASTM D 5863
Sodium Content	ppm	5	13	ASTM D 5863
Zinc Content	ppm	<1	<1	ASTM D 5863
Copper Content	ppm	<1	<1	ASTM D 5863

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Iraq Light Crude Oil

Properties	Unit	Specification	Test Method
Density at 15°C	kg/L	0.9011	ASTM D 1298
API Gravity at 60f	°API	25.44	ASTM D 287
Water by Distillation	%Vol	0.05	ASTM D 4006
Sediment by Extraction	%Wt	0.015	ASTM D 473
Sulfur	%Wt	3.705	IP336
Pour Point	°C		ASTM D5853
Salt Content	lb/1000bbl	4.6	ASTM D3230
Water KF	%Wt	1053	ASTM D4928
H₂S Content	ppm	0.63	UOP 163
Acidity	mgKOH/g	0.075	ASTM D664
Mercaptan Sulfur	ppm	88.9	ASTM D3227
Kinematic Viscosity at 50°C	cSt	11.5581	ASTM D445
Asphalthenes	%Wt	5.5	IP143
IBP	°C	48	ASTM D86
Distillation at 5%	°C	82	ASTM D86
Distillation at 10%	°C	108	ASTM D86
Distillation at 20%	°C	169	ASTM D86
Distillation at 30%	°C	231	ASTM D86
Distillation at 40%	°C	282	ASTM D86
Distillation at 50%	°C	317	ASTM D86
Distillation at 60%	°C	332	ASTM D86
Distillation at 70%	°C	339	ASTM D86
Distillation at 80%	°C	350	ASTM D86
Distillation at 89%	°C	353	ASTM D86
FBP	°C	355	ASTM D86

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Iraq Heavy Crude Oil Assays

Properties	Unit	T-1A	T-2	T-4	Test Method
Density @15°C	kg/L	0.9097	0.9153	0.9135	ASTM D 5002
Sp. Gr. @ 15.6/15.6°C		0.9102	0.9158	0.914	Conversion
API Gr. @15.6°C	°API	23.96	23.01	23.31	Calculated
Sulfur Content	%Wt	3.34	3.34	3.25	ASTM D 4294
Carbon Residue, Micro	%Wt	7.65	8.31	8.74	ASTM D 4530
Bottom Sediment & Water	%Vol	0.1	1.35	0.6	ASTM D 4007
Salt as NaCl	mg/L	5.04	15	6.3	ASTM D 3230
Ash Content @550°C	%Wt	0.013	0.049	0.012	ASTM D 482
Total Nitrogen	ppm	0.14		0.13	ASTM D 5762-01
Copper	ppm	<1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Iron	ppm	1	1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Nickel	ppm	12	13	12	IP 501 (Mod.)
Vanadium	ppm	36	37	36	IP 501 (Mod.)
Lead	ppm	<1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Chromium	ppm	<1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Zinc	ppm	<1	1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Calcium	ppm	5	63	1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Magnesium	ppm	1	<1	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Sodium	ppm	1	5	<1	IP 501 (Mod.)
Total Acid Number	mgKOH/g	0.302	0.026	0.748	ASTM D 664
Vapor Pressure (DVPE)	kPa	11.2	20.7	6.6	ASTM D 5191
Pour Point (max/Upper)	°C	-39	-24	< -42	ASTM D 5853
Pour Point (min/Upper)	°C	< -42		< -42	ASTM D 5853
Flash Point	°C	< -5	< -5	< -5	ASTM D 93 (Mod.)
Asphaltenes	%Wt	5.2	4.82	5.5	ASTM D 3279
Wax Content	%Wt		0.5	0.7 max	UOP 46
Kinematic Viscosity @26.7°C	cSt	31.03	40.11	31.97	ASTM D 445
Kinematic Viscosity @37.8°C	cSt	19.32	25.09	19.55	ASTM D 446